
(Obituary, October 20, 2011) in 1979 Pioneer 11 became the first spacecraft to pass Saturn. Gaddafi ruled for 42 years before his regime was toppled by the Arab Spring uprising in 2011. The Oscar-winning film was directed by Carol Reed and stars Joseph Cotten, Alida Valli, Orson Welles and Trevor Howard in 1969 Colonel Muammar Gaddafi led a bloodless coup in Libya, declaring the country an Arab republic, while King Idris was visiting Turkey. In 1897 Pullman died and his coffin was surrounded by reinforced concrete to protect it from vandalism in 1923 Japan was struck by a 7.9-magnitude earthquake and tsunami, which left more than 140,000 dead, including from a fire whirl that immolated more than 38,000 people in 1949 the film The Third Man had its premiere at the Ritz Cinema in Hastings, East Sussex.

In 1894 a bitter strike by Pullman workers led to the founding of Labor Day, the incorporation of Pullman town within Chicago and the first African-American union (1925, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters).

In 1859 the first of George Pullman’s sleeping cars ran in Illinois from Bloomington to Chicago.
